“A Palaiologan Trachion from the Dioikitiriou Square Excavation,” Nomismatika Chronika (Hellenic Numismatic Society), Athens, 2001, 71-93. more |
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NOMILMATIKA XPONIKA
ETH2IA EKAOIH TH2 EAAHNIKHZ NOMI2MATIKHZ ETAIPEIAZ • AP 20 • A0HNAI 2001
ANNUAL PUBLICATION OF THE HELLENIC NUMISMATIC SOCIETY • No 20 • ATHENS 2001
A Palaiologan Trachion
from the Dioikitirion Square Excavation
E. S. Georganteli
I. Archaeological background
At Dioikitirion Square in Thessaloniki
rescue excavations in 1990 unearthed building
complexes dating to various periods, as well
as an extensive late Byzantine graveyard (pi.
1,1). Since 1990 excavations have been
conducted jointly by the Departments of
Classical and Byzantine Antiquities of
Thessaloniki. Special attention has been given
to the site, as it is a rare and fine example of
various phases of habitation in Roman and
Byzantine Thessaloniki.
The earliest Byzantine structure consists
of various building remains dated to the
fourth, fifth and sixth centuries, after which
the site was abandoned and served as a rub-
bish dump. In the early ninth century the site
seems to have been re-inhabited, as archaeo-
logical and numismatic evidence demon-
strates. The most interesting element of this
later phase, however, is the extensive grave-
Dedicated with gratitude to Philip Grierson
Mi[ 8si\ia<;, w naipK piov
OeaaaXovmri nd\i<;
"Hv ex Ssivwv eXevdepw talc, npooevxaiq-
yard intra muros, which was in use in the
2
twelfth, thirteenth and fourteenth centuries .
77. The coin finds
Some 2,000 coins have been found since
1990, but remained uncatalogued until 1996.
During 1994 and 1995 I paid short visits to
the Museum of Byzantine Culture in
Thessaloniki, where I had the opportunity to
examine some of the coins and form an idea
of the variety of issues and chronological scale
of the numismatic evidence. Then, in Octo-
ber 1996, the Organisation for the Cultural
Capital of Europe, Thessaloniki 1997, funded
a short-term project, which involved the iden-
tification of some of the coins. From a sam-
ple of 700 coins the following preliminary
observations can be made.
The coin finds cover nine centuries of coin
circulation within the city of Thessaloniki.
Bronze issues are plentiful for the fourth, fifth
1. I. Phountoulis, Xupscov ApxiEnioKonov
0£ooaAoviKng ra AenoupyiKa Evyypapara 1:
Euxai Kai Ypvoi (Etaipeia McikeSovikwv
Znou8a>v, Deipd OiAoAoyiKri kcu ©EoAoyiKfi
10), Thessaloniki 1968, 203. This is part of a
longer poem composed by Symeon, archbishop
of Thessaloniki, in honour of St. Demetrios
and shortly before the fall of the city to the
Turks in 1430. It is customarily sung on Octo-
ber 25, the eve of the saint's feast.
2. On the excavation finds see I. Kanonides,
«ZuoTiKh avaoKaipri oto x^po tnc, nAamac,
Kunpiuv Ayuviotuv (AioiKntnpiou)», AEM&
4 (1990), 259-67; ibid., «X<ooTiKfi avaoKcupfi
oto x^P0 TnS nAateiat; Kunpicov Ayuviotuv
(AioiKntnpiou) - Thessaloniki 1993», AEM0
7 (1993), 343-54; ibid., «To Bu^avtivo
VEKpotatptto Tng nAateiag AioiKntnpiou
©EooaAoviKng», Ap\aia MaKsSovia, 6 Inter-
national Symposium, 1996, 523-30. Warmest
thanks are due to Mr. Kanonides for access to
the numismatic material.
71
and sixth centuries. Ninth century coins are
less frequent, but still a valuable witness to
the daily transactions in middle-Byzantine
Thessaloniki.
Among these later coin finds there is the
copper trachion^ that concerns us here (Fig^
10). The side which I treat as the obverse ,
depicts a male figure, wearing a chlamys,
nimbate, standing and orans, the head slightly
3- The use of the word trachion (or stamenori)
follows the book of Nicholas Rhabdas (1341),
in which it is mentioned that the rpaxtov
{trachion) is worth 1/411 of the hyperpyron.
According to C. Morrisson, the use of the di-
minutive might imply the popular belief in the
fourteenth century that the value of the trachy
had become really intrinsic, when compared
to that of the eleventh century. See the inter-
esting study by C. Morrisson, "Les noms de
monnaies sous les Paleologues" in W. Seibt
(ed.), Geschichte und Kultur der Palaiologenzeit
(Ostereichische Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Phil.-hist. Klasse, Denkschriften, 241), Vienna
1996, 151-62.
4. Much discussion has been devoted to whether
the concave side of the later Byzantine coins
represents the obverse or the reverse. See DOC
V, 64-5. Since the religious type has, with only
a few exceptions, always occupied the place
of honour on Byzantine coins, leaving for the
reverse the imperial image, I treat here the
religious image of the trachion as the obverse,
in contrast to K. Dotchev (Dotchev 1983;
Dotchev 1992), who treats the religious type
as the reverse and the representation of the
two rulers as the obverse.
turned to the right. To the right there is a
rectangular tower, and the same must apply
to the left but this part of the coin is broken.
There is a star above each tower. It is nota-
ble that the die-engraver was even interested
in showing the masonry of the tower, which
is recessed brick. On the reverse there are
two figures, male and female, standing, fac-
ing, wearing crowns and holding sceptres.
Between the two rulers are two stars. The
design here is inferior to that of the obverse,
which means there is a mixture of styles on
the same coin.
The specific numismatic type does not ap-
pear in the major numismatic publications, and
it was only recently I came across another
example in the important Protonotarios' col-
lection of Palaiologan coins (Fig. 11) as well
as ten other specimens put together by S.
Bendall in a note in the Numismatic Circular*.
H. Longuet, who first published three of
these enigmatic coins, suggested that the fig-
ure on the obverse must be the Virgin
Blachernitissa orans on the walls of Constan-
tinople and that the coins were mere tokens .
Years later a similar coin turned up in a sam-
ple of more than 6,000 coin finds from the
excavations at Trnovo in Bulgaria. In both
his preliminary report and the main publica-
tion of the Trnovo coin finds K. Dotchev
stated that the obverse of this particular coin
depicts Christ and the reverse John V and
Anna of Savoy.
On these grounds Dotchev has attributed
the coin to the metropolitan mint and to the
reign of John V, namely to the years 1351-
5. Professor P. Protonotarios kindly provided me
with slides and photos of the coin. The trachion
of his collection, though flattened and worn,
preserves most of the details of the design,
thus allowing the identification of the type.
For the ten other specimens collated by S.
Bendall see Bendall 1996.
6. Longuet 1957, 57, pi. VI. 331-333.
72
1354 . Still the most recent reference to this
coin type is to be found in a note by S.
Bendall, in which the author has brought to-
gether all the known specimens, among which
six are from his own collection8. According
to Bendall's identification, the obverse of the
trachion depicts the Virgin standing, orans,
while the reverse might represent two male
emperors, either John V and VI, or John V
and his son Matthew, instead of one male
and one female.
Based on this description and on the lack
of similar coin finds in Turkey Bendall pre-
cludes a Constantinopolitan issue, and asks
instead whether these trachia could have been
issued at Hadrianoupolis (modern Edirne) or
Didymoteichon.
III. Numismatic representations of Crist
and the Virgin
Representations of Christ are frequent on
Palaiologan coins, reflecting an iconographic
tradition already established in the tenth and
eleventh centuries. Christ is usually depicted
nimbate, with a beard and long hair, wear-
ing a tunic and himation, either seated or
standing. Only rarely, and mostly on coins of
the later period, is Christ shown as the youth-
ful Christ Emmanuel, and in all these later
examples only the bust appears9.
As for the standing Christ, the figure can be
found either alone or in association with one
or two emperors, the standing posture being
more common as a motif on coins of the early
than on those of the later Palaiologan period.
In the earlier period (until ca. 1340) the stand-
ing Christ appears on gold hyperpyra10,
7. Dotchev 1983, 17; Dotchev 1992, 262, pi. LXI,
No. 2.
8. Bendall 1996.
9. On the type of Christ Emmanuel see DOC V,
74-5.
10. On the hyperpyra of the sole rule of Andronikos
II Christ is shown standing, holding the Gos-
pels, with his hand on the head of the em-
basilika and trachea . In the later, the repre-
sentation is limited to some rare basilika and
15
Thessalonican stamena of John V as well as
to small copper follari of Manuel II and John
VII . In all the above examples the standing
Christ never appears orans, as in the case of the
obverse figure on the copper trachion from the
Dioikitirion Square excavation. Moreover the
peror, who is crouching in proskynesis (DOC
V, 220-234). The standing Christ blessing two
kneeling emperors also appears on the reverse
of hyperpyra of the joint reign of Andronikos
II and Michael IX (DOC V, 235-492),
Andronikos II and III (DOC V, 493-503) and
of John V and VI (DOC V, 1193).
11. On the light series of Andronikos Ill's basilika,
class I and II, Christ appears standing, facing,
with his right hand raised in benediction (DOC
V, 869-70, 871-3).
12. There are two categories of trachea of the first
period, where Christ appears standing. The first
consists of the silver trachea of the mint of
Magnesia class III of Michael VIII, on which
Christ extends his hand in benediction (DOC
V, 28). The second, on which the emperor ap-
pears crouching before the standing Christ,
comprises the copper trachea class XVIII of
Michael VIII (DOC V, 100-2) and the trachea
class V and VIII of Andronikos I (DOCV, 563-
6 and 568 respectively).
13- On the Constantinopolitan John V's half basilika
(DOC V, 1187) and John V and John VI
Kantakuzenos' basilika class I (DOCV, 1194)
Christ appears standing between two trees. On
John V's Thessalonican copper trachea (or
stamena) class I (DOCV, 1188-1189) Christ,
standing on the right, is blessing the emperor
crouching before him.
14. Manuel II (DOCV, 1603-9), John VII (DOCV,
1391-3). In both cases Christ is standing in a
mandorla, a motif introduced in 1284/5 on the
obverse of Venetian gold ducats, which must
be connected with the Christ of the Ascension
(see DOC V, 75). In the eastern iconographic
tradition the same motif has been connected
by modern scholars with the Christ of the Trans-
figuration and patterns of Hesychast position
(see Voordeckers 1968, 495-6; DOCV, 75).
73
nimbus of Christ, with the exception of the
Thessalonican stamena of John V class I, is in
the form of a cross, which is not the case in any
of the twelve trachia being examined here.
Representations of the Virgin, on the other
hand, are less frequent than those of Christ
on Palaiologan coins. The Virgin is either
portrayed alone, standing or seated, or in
association with an emperor or St.
Demetrios1^. Images of the Virgin, bust or
half-figure, facing, orans, within the walls of
Constantinople can be found on the metro-
politan hyperpyra class II of Michael VIII, the
metropolitan and the Thessalonican (?)
hyperpyra and the copper trachea class V of
Andronikos II (1282-1328), the hyperpyra of
Andronikos II and Michael IX (1294-1320),
the metropolitan and the Thessalonican
hyperpyra of Andronikos II (1282-1328) and
Andronikos III (1328-1341)16. In all the above
examples the posture of the Virgin is differ-
ent from that of the figure portrayed on the
Dioikitirion Square coin. As for the depiction
of the city-walls, it seems that there are two
different viewpoints; in the case of the coins
15. For the representations of the Virgin on
Palaiologan coins see the discussion in DOC
V, 75-7.
16. For the coins of Michael VIII see DOC V, 2-
15, 18-25. P. Grierson includes the DOC V,
Nos. 16 and 17 in the Constantinopolitan group;
yet according to another attribution by S.
Bendall on the grounds of lettering and sigla,
the mints of Thessaloniki and Philadelphia re-
spectively seem good candidates (see S.
Bendall, "Perperi di Filadelfe", SM34/133, May
1984, 3-8; idem, "Thessalonican Hyperpyra of
Michael VIII?", SM 37/146, May 1987, 40-1).
Andronikos IPs (alone) Constantinopolitan
hyperpyra class I (DOC V, 220-234), and cop-
per trachea class V (DOC V, 563-6), Andronikos
II and Michael IX's metropolitan (DOCV, 235-
471 and 488-92 with question mark) and
Thessalonican (?) hyperpyra (DOC V, 472-87),
and Andronikos II and Andronikos Ill's met-
ropolitan hyperpyra (DOCV, 493-503).
which bear the Virgin orans within the city
walls, the citadel is seen in an abstract way
from a bird's-eye view17, while the towers
on the enigmatic trachion are treated with a
firm naturalism.
Images of the Virgin orans without any
architectural motif can be found on the met-
ropolitan and Thessalonican copper trachea
of Michael VIII, the metropolitan billon tornesi
of Andronikos II, the copper trachea of
Andronikos II and Michael IX, of Andronikos
II and Andronikos III, the silver basilika of
Andronikos III, the Thessalonican copper tra-
chea of Andronikos II and Andronikos III and
the Constantinopolitan trachea of John V and
18
John VI . Again, in all these examples the
Virgin's posture is different from that of the
figure represented on the trachion. Further-
more, the Virgin is always portrayed wear-
ing a maphorion, usually a feminine garment,
17. For the depiction of fortified cities in various
forms of art see C. L. Waltz, Architectural Motifs
and Backgrounds in the Menologium of Basil
II (Master Degree in the Department of His-
tory of Art), Ohio University 1976, 21-35.
18. On the metropolitan copper trachea of Michael
VIII the Virgin is depicted either facing, orans
(DOC V, 41 and 91-5), or as Virgin
Agiossoritissa, standing, orans, half or three
quarters turned left or right (DOCV, 64-5, 86-
90); on the Thessalonican ones the depiction
is a bust, orans (DOC V, 131-2). The Virgin
orans, bust-, half-length or standing, can also
be found on the metropolitan trachea class III
of Michael VIII and Andronikos II (DOC V,
203-5), the metropolitan trachea class III of
Michael VIII and Andronikos II (DOC V, -;
PCPC 112; LPC 482; Sear 2345), the trachea
class II, VII, VIII, IX, XX and XXI (DOC V,
595, 599, 600-3, 604-8, 623, 624), the assaria
class XI of Andronikos II and Michael IX (DOC
V, 683-5), the basilika class IV of Andronikos
III (DOC V, 874), as well as the metropolitan
hyperpyra and trachea (or stamena) of John V
Palaiologos and John VI Kantakuzenos (DOC
V, 1193 and 1198 respectively). Representa-
74
while the figure on the unknown trachion
does not really need a maphorion, since its
short, curly hair clearly suggests that it is a
man rather than a woman. Hence, the so-
called maphorion of the figure on the coin
must be identified as a chlamys.
In summary, on the grounds of the above
analysis H. Longuet's, K. Dotchev's and S.
Bendall's identifications of the obverse type
of the trachion need to be dismissed alto-
gether, and one must seek a more plausible
attribution. The young, nimbate, male figure
with the short curly hair and chlamys is more
probably a saint than an emperor, especially
since his dress resembles that of an imperial
officer and certainly not that of an emperor1^.
Among the military and civilian saints
shown on Palaiologan coins, the most fre-
20
quent are St. Demetrios and St. George . As
21
the latter always appears in military dress ,
tions of the Virgin Agiosoritissa can be found
on the Consrantinopolitan copper trachea (or
stamena) class III and the Thessalonican cop-
per assaria class IV of Andronikos III (DOCW,
891-3 and 921 respectively).
19- For the imperial costumes of Palaiologan times
and their significance see E. Pilz, le costume
officiel des dignitaires byzantins a I'epoque
Paleologue (Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis,
Figura Nova Series 26), Uppsala 1994.
20. Among the heavenly powers represented on
Palaiologan coins, saints retain an important
position. The saints most frequently depicted
are St. Demetrios and St. George, both mili-
tary saints and highly venerated in the Byzan-
tine Empire. Both saints were a steady refer-
ence point for prayers, especially during trou-
bled years and periods of social disorder and
insecurity. Other saints, such as St. Constantine,
John the Baptist, St. Nicholas of Myra, St.
Theodore and St. Tryphon, were of minor
importance for numismatic iconography. For
their iconography on the Palaiologan coins see
DOC V, 77-81.
21. This is not the case, however, in other forms
of art. See for example the 12th c. mosaic icon
one is more inclined to investigate the possi-
bility of it being St. Demetrios.
IV. Saint Demetrios
St. Demetrios' cult has always been a spe-
cial one due to the localisation of the saint in
22
Thessaloniki . As his life and martyrdom
were closely connected to that city, the
predominant idea among its citizens from the
4 century onwards was that their patron saint
never deserted his city or fellow citizens, al-
ways protecting them against plague, famine
and wars. Adjectives usually ascribed to the
saint in various Byzantine sources are
ipiAonoXic,, npoxelxtopa, unepaonioxrig tnc,
noXeoc, tpiAonarpng, npooraxnc, otofonoXi-
23
Tng , npootaxnc; xou BaoiXetou and viko-
notog24. The idea that Demetrios would never
of St. George in the Xenophontos monastery
(Treasures ofMount Athos, No. 2.1). On coins,
St. George's standing figure or bust usually
occupies the obverse, and the saint is depicted
as a young man with short curly hair, wearing
armour and holding a spear and a shield (see
DOC V, 79).
22. For the cult of St. Demetrios see Macrides 1990;
A. Mentzos, To npooKuvnpa xou Ay. Anpnxpiou
0£ooaAoviKnc ora buiavxwaxpoviaiExaipcia
Td)v OiXdiv tou Aaou — Ktvtpo Epeuvnc,
Bu^avriou), Athens 1994; Skedros 1999- The
cult of St. Demetrios and its key role in Byzan-
tine-Slav relations is thoroughly discussed by
D. Obolensky, "The cult of St. Demetrios of
Thessaloniki in the history of Byzantine-Slav
relations", BSt 15 (1974), 3-20 (=ibid., Byzan-
tium and the Slavs, Crestwood, New York 1994,
XI, 281-300). See also V. Tapkova-Zaimova,
"Le culte de saint Demetrius a Byzance et aux
Balkans", Miscellanea Bulgarica 5 (1987), 139-
46.
23. See Macrides 1990, 190, footnote 10, where
references to St. Demetrios in Miracula Sancti
Demethi are to be found.
24. Digenes Akrites, edited with an introduction,
translation and commentary by I. Mavrogordato
(Clarendon Press), Oxford 1963, 2, 15-29.
75
allow his city to be taken by force is found in
the brief account by Robert de Clari of the
death of the Bulgarian tsar Ioannitsis while
attacking Thessaloniki, which was due to the
25
miraculous intervention of the warrior saint
The iconographic profile that emerges from
these descriptions is that of a young man,
often dressed in a chlamys, especially in the
pre-iconoclastic period, but also - in later
years — as a soldier.
In mosaics and paintings of the early Byz-
antine period Demetrios is often depicted
wearing a chlamys, either holding a cross or
orans in front of his ciborium in his basilika,
or in association with benefactors in front of
and later Byzantine periods, representations
of St. Demetrios as a civic saint are crowded
27
out by those of him in military dress . On
the walls of Thessalonik
.26
In the middle
25. Robert of Clari, 127.
26. St. Pelekanides, rpanrh napdSoon Kai eiKaari-
kec reyvEC yia rnv npooaniKorma rou Ayiou
Anpnrpiou Adyoc navnyupiKOc cKipuvndeig ev
rn peyaAn aidouon rav teActoiv rnv 26"
OKTco&piou 1970 (Aristotelian University of
Thessaloniki), Thessaloniki 1970; C. Walter, "St.
Demetrios: the Myroblytos of Thessalonica", East-
ern Church Review 5, 1973, 157-78 (= C. Walter,
Studies in Byzantine Iconography [Variorum Re-
prints], London 1977; P. Lemerle, "Note sur les
plus anciennes representations de saint
Demetrius", AXAE 1 1981, 1-10. For the mosaics
of the basilika of St. Demetrios see A.
Xyngopoulos, The Mosaics of the Church of St.
Demetrios in Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 1969; R
Cormack, "The mosaic decorations of St.
Demetrios, Thessalonica: a reexamination in the
light of the drawings of W. S. George'", BSA 64
(1969), 17-52; idem, The Church of St. Demetrios:
the Watercolours and Drawings of W. S. George
(Municipality of Thessaloniki), Thessaloniki 1985;
idem, "The Making of a Patron Saint: the Powers
of Art and Ritual in Byzantine Thessaloniki" in L.
Davin (ed.), World Art: Themes of Unity and
Diversity vol. 3 (University Park, PA: Pennsylva-
nia University Press), 1989; Ch. Bakirtzis, The
Basilika of St. Demetrios (Institute for Balkan
Studies), Thessaloniki 1988; P. Brown, Society
and Holy in Late Antiquity (University of Califor-
nia Press), Berkeley 1991, 283 and note 148.
27- N. Theotoka, «0 EiKovoypaipiKOg Tunog tou
Ayiou Anpnrpiou orpariuTiKOu Kai Eipinnou
Kai oi oxetikec, napaSooeig row 8auudT(ov»,
9 Byzantine Congress, Papers, vol. 1, Athens
1955, 479. Later representations of St.
Demetrios as a military saint can be found both
in Byzantium and the Slavic world, thus echo-
ing the impact of St. Demetrios' cult across the
Orthodox world. Among the monuments of
Macedonia one could very selectively note the
saint's military attire in the thirteenth century
church of Panagia Mavriotissa, Kastoria (see
N. Moutsopoulos, Kaoropid, Tlavayia n
Maupiionooa ['ExSooig HuuaTEiou OiAoi
Bug'avTivuv Mvnueiwv Kai Apxaiotntuv Nopou
Kaotopidg], Athens 1967, pi. 37), in the four-
teenth century church of Christ, Veroia (fresco
of St. Demetrios in the lower zone of the south
wall. See St. Pelekanides, KaAAwpync,6Anc
QerraAiac dpiorog g'uypaipoc [BiBAioQhKn tng
ev AGrivaig ApxaioAoyiKhg ETaipeiag, No. 75],
Athens 1973, pis. 21, 73, 74; G. Gounaris, The
Church of Christ in Veroia [Institute for Balkan
Studies, No. 235], Thessaloniki 1991, 34, pi.
27), on late Byzantine cameos (twelfth cen-
tury cameo in the Benaki Collection [Benaki,
No. 364] and a thirteenth century cameo from
the Chelandari monastery, Mount Athos [Treas-
ures of Mount Athos, No. 9.13D, as well as on
a fourteenth century steatite and silver diptych
icon from the Vatopedi monastery, Mount Athos
(see Treasures of Mount Athos, No. 9 7). A
fourteenth century fresco from the church of
St. Demetrios of Decani, in mediaeval Serbia,
reproduces the design of Demetrios as protec-
tor, and according to A. Stojakovic it must have
copied a lost Byzantine prototype (A.
Stojakovic, "Quelques representations de
Salonique dans la peinture medievale serbe",
Xapiorhpiov eig AvaoxaoxovK. OpAavSov, vol.
2, Athens 1966, 25-48). The scene shows
Demetrios in armour, defending Thessaloniki
against the Cumans and rebuilding a tower of
the city walls. There are, however, a few rep-
resentations of St. Demetrios in the later pe-
76
seals, St. Demetrios appears relatively early,
the oldest published examples dating to the
eighth century. The broad geographical dis-
tribution of these seals suggests that the par-
ticular iconographic motif was not restricted
to the seals of Thessalonican imperial offic-
28
ers and clergymen . The saint is depicted
bust- or full-length, standing, facing, usually
in military dress and holding spear and shield,
and in only a few examples wearing a chlamys
riod, in which he appears wearing a chlamys.
See, for instance, the twelfth century mosaic
icon of St. Demetrios in the katholikon of
Xenophontos monastery, Mount Athos (O.
Demus, Die byzantinischen Mosaikikonen, Vi-
enna 1991, 26-8; Treasures of Mount Athos,
57-8, NO. 2.2), as well as a thirteenth century
relief icon of the saint in the katholikon of the
Xeropotamou monastery, Mount Athos (Treas-
ures of Mount Athos, No. 6.8).
28. Seals with St. Demetrios on the obverse come
from most parts of the Byzantine Empire, es-
pecially the East. They represent imperial offi-
cials and clergymen from Thessaloniki (Nesbitt
and Oikonomides 1, 18.37, 18.81-82, 18.84-
89), the bishopric of Vardariotai (Nesbitt and
Oikonomides 1, 26), the theme of Macedonia/
present day Western Thrace (Nesbitt and
Oikonomides 1, 43.28), Bulgaria (Nesbitt and
Oikonomides 1, 29.1-29-4), the metropolis of
Tourkia/Bacs, eastern part of middle Byzan-
tine Hungary (Nesbitt and Oikonomides 1,
36.1), the province of Paradounavon/area of
the lower Danube (Nesbitt and Oikonomides
1, 36a. 1), the Aegean islands (Nesbitt and
Oikonomides 1, 40.21), the West/? (Nesbitt
and Oikonomides 1, 1.21), the cities of Kyzicos/
modern Balkiz (Nesbitt and Oikonomides 3,
53 3), Agrai/modern Atabey (Nesbitt and
Oikonomides 3, 87.2-3), Anatole (Nesbitt and
Oikonomides 3, 99 8), Antioch (Seyrig 161)
etc. See also J.-C. Cheynet et C. Morrisson,
"Texte et image sur les sceaux byzantins: les
raisons d'un choix iconographique" in N.
Oikonomides (ed.), Studies in Byzantine
Sigillography 4 (1995), 9-32, especially 22 and
31.
and holding a spear . It is mainly on seals of
the clergy that Demetrios is portrayed wear-
ing a chlamys and holding a martyr's cross .
Rarely, the saint is represented next to the
Virgin, wearing a chlamys and holding a cross,
and this seal again belongs to a clergyman^1.
The first numismatic issues to show St.
Demetrios in the company of the emperor
29. This combination of the civic and military can
be seen on the seals of two Thessalonican
kommerkiarioi, of a certain Staurakios, impe-
rial spatharokandidatos, protonotarios and
kommerkiarios (Schlumberger 1895, No. 30;
K. M. Konstantopoulos, BuCflvxmKa poAuBSo-
BouAAa tou ev AOhvmg EOvikou NopiopariKou
Movoeiou, Athens 1917, No. 7; see also the
new reading of the obverse by Nesbitt and
Oikonomides 1, 18.37) and of Clement, impe-
rial spatharios and kommerkiarios, tenth cen-
tury (Nesbitt and Oikonomides 1, 18.37). The
obverse of both seals represents a scene from
the saint's life and martyrdom, namely
Demetrios being visited by Nestor in prison,
Demetrios robed in a chlamys and carrying a
sword or spear, also found in later frescoes
and coins. A good example is offered by the
Thessalonican electrum trachea type C of
Manuel Komnenos Doukas (DOC IV, 5), a
fresco in the inner narthex of the 13th century
katholikon of Sopocani, Serbia (V. Durin,
Sopocani, Beograd 1963, 81) and possibly a
mosaic in the outer narthex of the 14th cen-
tury katholikon of the Chora monastery in
Constantinople (P. A. Underwood, The Kariye
Djami vol. 2: Mosaics [Bollingen Series LXX],
New York 1966, 165, pi. 304).
30. See for instance the seals of Peter, archbishop
of Thessaloniki, eighth century (Nesbitt and
Oikonomides 1, 18.86), of Demetrios, metro-
politan of Kyzicos, 10th century (Nesbitt and
Oikonomides 3, 53-3) and of Andrew, bishop
of Pergamos, 10th century (V. Laurent, Le Cor-
pus des sceaux de Tempire byzantin V,l:
L'Eglise de Constantinople [editions CNRS],
Paris 1963, No. 287).
31. Seal of Jean, archbishop of Thessaloniki, dated
to the 10th century (Seyrig, 272).
77
consists of Thessalonican pre-reform debased
trachea (Fig. 1) and silver alloy one-third
miliaresia of Alexios I (1081-1118)32. After
Alexios' reign and until 1204, St. Demetrios
is depicted on the Thessalonican tetartera type
B of John II (1118-1143) and the
Thessalonican electrum trachea type C (Fig.
2) of Manuel I (1143-1180)33. In imitation of
John II's tetartera, in 1148-1149, the Norman
ruler Roger II issued in Sicily a copper follaron
with the bust of St. Demetrios as a warrior
saint on the obverse. The particular coinage
was to commemorate Roger's victories over
the Byzantines in 1147-1148. In accordance
with its Byzantine prototype, the inscription
accompanying St. Demetrios is in Greek,
while on the reverse it is presented in Cufic34.
Representations of St. Demetrios are more
frequent on 13th century Byzantine coins,
namely the billon trachea of John III (1221-
1254), the Thessalonican electrum, billon tra-
chea and tetartera (Fig. 3) of Theodore
Komnenos-Doukas (1227-1230) and the billon
trachea of Manuel Komnenos Doukas (1230-
1237), the Thessalonican billon trachea of John
32. See DOC IV, 4-5 (debased trachea), 13, (silver
alloy one-third miliaresia).
33- John II (DOC IV, 17). Manuel I type C (DOC
IV, 9).
34. The particular iconographic choice of Roger II
reflects not only his devotion to the saint, and
his idea to identify his deeds with those of a
legend, but also the popularity St. Demetrios'
cult enjoyed in Southern Italy. L. Travaini in
her study of St. Demetrios follaron of Roger II
(L. Travaini, "Un follaron inedito con San
Demetrio e la monetazione in Rame di Ruggero
II in Sicilia", fflV6 23, 1991, 143-60) traces the
contemporary use of St. Demetrios' name as a
toponyme (area of Giovinazzo), and as the
name of a church (in the Ascoli Satriano dio-
cese), and monastic complexes (a monastery
at Gerace, a chapel and a casale sancti Demetrii,
both belonging to the monastery of Santa Maria
della Sambucina).
Komnenos-Doukas (1237-1244), the electrum
(Fig. 4) and billon trachea of John III Doukas-
Vatatzes (1246-1254) and the billon trachea
of Theodore II Doukas-Laskaris (1254-
1258)3"5. While preserving iconographic fea-
tures of the previous period, some of the rep-
resentations of Demetrios or of the combina-
tions obverse/reverse are novel in design, thus
reflecting either dynastic policies or contem-
porary cultural trends. The saint, beardless
and with short curly hair, is usually shown
wearing armour, holding a sword, a spear,
or a shield. There is, however, a series of
electrum trachea issued by Theodoros
Doukas-Komnenos (DOC IV, type B), on the
reverse of which Demetrios appears with the
newly proclaimed emperor, with whom he
holds the recaptured fortified city of
Thessaloniki. The same design is repeated
on the reverse of a series of billon trachea
(DOC IV, type G) issued by Manuel
Komnenos-Doukas. Apart from the prevail-
ing military depictions of St. Demetrios, there
are some electrum and billon trachea of
Manuel Komnenos-Doukas, where the saint
appears dressed in a chlamys3 .
The motif of St. Demetrios is frequent also
on Palaiologan coins and covers most of the
35. John III Doukas' types K and Q (DOC IV, 45
and 51 respectively), Theodore Komnenos-
Doukas' Thessalonican electrum trachea, billon
trachea and tetartera (DOC IV, 1-2, 4-5 and
11-12 respectively), Manuel Komnenos-Doukas'
Thessalonican billon trachea type A, C, F and
G (DOC IV, 3, 5, 8 and 9 respectively), John
Komnenos-Doukas' Thessalonican billon tra-
chea series I, type A, B, D and E (DOC IV, 1,
2, 4, 5), series II, type A, B and C (DOC IV, 7-
9), John III Doukas-Vatatzes' Thessalonican
electrum trachea type A and B (DOC IV, 1-2)
and billon trachea type D, E, F, G, H, I, J (DOC
IV, 6-12), Theodore II Doukas-Lascaris'
Thessalonican billon trachea (DOC IV, 1).
36. Thessalonican billon trachea type B (DOC IV,
5).
78
denominations of the monetary system,
namely the basilikon, the trachy and the
follaron. A good example of how imperial
policy is reflected on coins is again offered
by a series of Thessalonican copper trachea
of Michael VIII (1258/9-82), on the reverse
of which the saint and the emperor are de-
picted holding between them a castle with
two towers (Fig. 6)37. The specific icono-
graphic motif implies that Thessaloniki is pro-
tected both by earthly and divine powers.
The same message is conveyed through the
Thessalonican trachea class IV of Andronikos
II (1282-1328), where there is an impressive
combination of St. Demetrios seated with
sword and shield on the obverse and the
winged emperor above the city-walls on the
38
reverse
As to the influence of other artistic move-
ments, it is worth noting that the figure of St.
Demetrios alone or in association with other
persons, in spite of being two-dimensional,
presents a certain naturalism and perspective.
Moreover, there is a wider variety of icono-
graphic themes in the depiction of the saint
in that later period. Thus, apart from being
represented bust- or full-length and in mili-
tary dress (Fig. 9), he is often portrayed
seated on a backless throne with a sword
39
across his knees (Fig. 7) , or dressed in a
chlamys and holding a small cross, a direct
37. Thessalonican copper trachea class VIII (DOC
V, 155-8; PCPC, 69; Sear, 229).
38. DOC V, 730-1.
39. See for instance the Thessalonican copper tra-
chea of Michael VIII, class II, III and XV (DOC
V, 133-5, 136-43, 174-5), the Thessalonican
copper trachea of Andronikos II, class III [DOC
V, (729)1, and the assaria of Andronikos III
class VII (DOCV, 929). An earlier example of
this type can be seen on the Thessalonican
billon trachea type C of John Komnenos-Doukas
(DOC IV, 9).
reminder of his martyrdom (Fig. 8) . An-
other iconographic innovation can be seen
on some of the Thessalonican trachea of
Andronikos III (1328-1341), where the em-
peror is depicted kneeling in front of the saint,
seated on a throne . Quite interesting also
are the Thessalonican anonymous assaria of
John V (1341-91), on which the reverse rep-
resents the martyrdom of St. Demetrios , as
well as the half-stavrata (Fig. 12) and the
copper tornesi class I of Manuel II (1391-
1425), on which the saint appears riding alone
(Fig. 13) or with the emperor43.
40. Andronikos II's Thesssalonican trachea class
XXXVI (DOCV, 825), Andronikos Ill's metro-
politan billon tornesi class IV (DOC V, 885),
Thessalonican copper trachea class IV and V
(DOC V, 874 and 875-81 respectively).
41. The presence of the coin type in the Serres
hoard enabled Protonotarios to assign the coin
to the reign of Andronikos III (Protonotarios
1989, No. 1). In LPC Bendall attributed the
coin to Andronikos II (LPC4, 206/4), while in
PCPC on the basis of another preserved speci-
men he attributed it to John V, at Thessaloniki
after 1365 (PCPC5, 318).
42. DOC V, 125-4, LPC, 2625; PCPC, 320; Sear
2593. On the iconography, attribution and dat-
ing of those coins see T. Gerassimov "Les
monnaies inedites des Paleologues", Fouilles
ef Recherches, Academie Bulgare des Sciences
IV, Sofia 1949; DOCV, 204-6.
43. DOCV, 1601, 1311-15 and 1598 respectively.
A contemporary iconographic parallel to the
type of St. Demetrios riding can be found on
the reverse of a 14th century double-sided
processional icon from the Vatopedi monas-
tery, Mount Athos, where St. Demetrios and
five other warrior saints are depicted on horse-
back (see Treasures of Mount Athos, No. 9-7).
An earlier example provides a 12 -13 cen-
tury stone relief from the exterior decoration
of a church at Amaseia in Pontos (see Benaki,
No. 429). The relief shows the two prominent
military saints, Demetrios and Theodoras, rid-
ing and slaying Joanissa, tsar of the Bulgarians
and Vlachs (1197-1207), known as Kaloyannis
("John the Fair" or the "Good").
79
Also of note is the fact that although there
are a few metropolitan issues with St.
Demetrios on their obverse or reverse, the
majority of Demetrios coins come from the
Thessalonican mint, thus showing that
Thessaloniki remained the cult centre and that
its citizens acknowledged him as their leader
and protector4 .
V. Conclusions
Based on the above examination of types
and mint attribution of coins dedicated to St.
Demetrios, one can suggest that the
Dioikitirion Square coin also represents a St.
Demetrios issue, possibly struck in
Thessaloniki. An iconographic parallel to the
image on the obverse of the trachion is to be
found in an illumination of Codex Gr. Th. of
the Bodleian Library, commissioned by
Demetrios Palaiologos Angelos Doukas, son
of Andronikos II, in a Thessalonican atelier
during his stay in the city as despotes in the
years 1322-13404''. The manuscript illumina-
tion on f. 54 (pi. 1,2) is dedicated to St.
44. With the exception of the relics of St.
Demetrios, which were venerated in
Thessaloniki, and of St. Nicholas, which re-
mained in Myra, all important relics of Eastern
saints were translated to Constantinople. But,
despite the fact that the only connection the
Constantinopolitan church of St. Demetrios had
with the saint was his icon, brought from
Thessaloniki by the emperor Manuel
Komnenos, the icon became as famous as the
saint's sarcophagus in Thessaloniki, when oil
welled out from it. Robert de Clari, in his vivid
account of the Fourth Crusade describes St.
Demetrios' church and his wonder-working
icon among the marvels of Constantinople
(Robert of Clari, 105). On the localisation and
competition in the cult of St. Demetrios see
Macrides 1990; Skedros 1999, 120-4.
45. I. Hutter, Oxford Bodleian Library II (Corpus
der byzantinischen Miniaturen, vol. 2), Stutt-
gart 1978, 32. On the dating of the codex see
P. Ioannou, BZ50 (1957), 307; A. Xyngopoulos,
Demetrios and consists of two zones. The
lower zone portrays two scenes from the
saint's life, namely his encounter with
Maximianus, and Nestor visiting him in prison,
while the upper bears more resemblance to
a symbolic icon of the saint than to a narra-
tive scene. There, he is depicted facing, stand-
ing between two flat-roofed towers, nimbate,
dressed in a chlamys and holding a cross.
Apart from the pose of his head and hands,
the scene looks very much like that on the
obverse of the trachion from Dioikitirion
Square.
Taking into account the date and origin
of Codex Gr. Th. f. 1 of the Bodleian Library,
one can suggest that the trachion under dis-
cussion was issued at a date close to that of
the writing of the manuscript. The hypoth-
esis is further strengthened by the represen-
tation of the two imperial figures on the re-
verse of the coin . Longuet and Dotchev have
treated the figure on the right as female47,
an opinion that I myself share, in contrast to
BendalPs suggestion that the figure on the
right represents a bearded man, either John
O eiKovoypatpiKog kvkAoq trig £&)ric tou Ayiou
Anpnrpiou (Institute for Balkan Studies, No.
117), Thessaloniki 1970, 17.
46. For Anna of Savoy or Palaiologina see D.
Muratore, "Una principessa sabauda sul trono
di Bisanzio - Giovanna di Savoia imperatrice
Anna Palaeologina", Memoires de lAcademie
des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Savoie
11, 1909, 221-475; C. Diehl, "Anne de Savoie,
femme d'Andronic III", Figures byzantines II,
Paris 1921, 245-65 (= C. Diehl, Imperatrices
de Byzance, Paris 1959, 275-95); T. Bertele,
Monete e sigilli di Anna di Savoia, Rome 1937;
C. Christophilopoulou, «H avtiBaoiAEia oto
Bu£dvTio», ZvypeiKta 2 (1970), 91-127; Nicol
and Bendall 1977; D. M. Nicol, The Byzantine
Lady. Ten Portraits 1250-1500 (Cambridge
University Press), Cambridge 1994, 82-95; ODB
I, 105.
47. Longuet 1957, 57, Nos. 331-333- Dotchev 1992.
80
V or Matthew Assen Kantakuzenos . Despite
the poor condition of the available specimens,
it seems that both figures wear the same type
of crown as that worn by Anna of Savoy on
John V and Anna's Thessalonican copper coins
49
(1352-1365) as well as in her portrait in
the illumination of f. 4 of the Codex Hist. F.
601 in the Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart''0. This
type of diadem with four or more triangular
projections above was common for Byzan-
tine empresses in Middle and Late Byzan-
tium . Emperors of the later Byzantine pe-
riod, on the other hand, — including John V —
usually appear on coins and seals wearing a
kamelaukion, a domed head-dress with or
52
without prepenclulia . One suspects that the
48. Bendall 1996.
49. See DOC V, 1228-30; PCPC, 309-16; IPC 248-
531-8, 2602; Sear 2517-24.
50. S. Lambros, AeuKopa Bv^avrtviDV AuroKpa-
Tdpov, Athens 1930.
51. DOC 111,1, 130. DOC V, 72. Apart from the
evidence of coins, empresses wearing crowns
are depicted in late Byzantine frescoes, icons
and chrysobulls. See for instance the crown
worn by Theodora Komnene Kantakuzene in
the chrysobull issued by her husband, Alexios
III Komnenos (1349-1390), emperor of
Trebizond in favour of the Dionysiou Monas-
tery in Mount Athos (Acfes de Dionysiou 1968,
No. 4; Treasures of Mount Athos, 518-9, No.
1319). Another example of a five-pointed
crown is offered by an icon of St. Catherine,
preserved in the Simonopetra Monastery,
Mount Athos (late fifteenth-early sixteenth cen-
tury), where the saint is depicted like a
Palaiologan princess (Treasures of Mount Athos,
No. 2.36).
52. On the kamelaukion see E. Pilz, "Couronnes
byzantines reflechies dans les sources litteraires.
Tentative de typologie", Bu^avrivd 3-4 (1974-
75), 4-24. Pilz 1977. For a short introduction
to the crowns represented on the later
Palaiologan coins see DOC V, 72. Among the
numerous portraits of emperors wearing a
kammelaukion one can mention an unpublished
lead seal of Andronikos II Palaiologos (1282-
representation of the male figure with a fe-
male crown, or at least a crown uncommon
for Byzantine male royalties, is either due to
a mistake of the die-engravers, or to their
misunderstanding of the imperial insignia.
Both explanations seem plausible, especially
when taking into account the eight-year clo-
sure of the Thessalonican mint (1342-1350)
due to the revolt of the Zealots and its conse-
quent difficulty in catching up with the con-
temporary iconographic trends of the
Constantinopolitan mint. This alienation is
well reflected in the differentiation in style
and iconography between Thessalonican coins
struck before 1342 and after 1350 .
Among the hints for attributing the
trachion under discussion to the Thessalonican
mint, the stars on the obverse and reverse of
the coin are also of importance. In fact stars,
an accessory symbol often seen on Palaiologan
coins, seem to be more frequent on
Thessalonican issues than on the metropoli-
tan ones54. Of special interest is the consid-
erable number of stars depicted on the coins
of John V and Anna of Savoy, one on either
side of the emperor or the empress or be-
tween the two emperors , a phenomenon
also encountered on the St. Demetrios enig-
matic trachia. Indeed, on all the twelve speci-
1328) in the Cabinet des Medailles, Bibliotheque
Nationale, Paris (see Pilz 1977, No. 82) and a
gold seal of John V Palaiologos, now kept in
Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Rome (see G.
Schlumberger, "Bulles d'or byzantines
conservees aux Archives Vaticanes", RN 12,
1894, 194-9 1= Schlumberger 1895, 181-5, pi.
X, No. 3D-
53- Nicol and Bendall, 1977, 99.
54. T. Gerassimov, "Monnaies des Paleologues avec
des representations d'etoiles", ByzBulgi, 1969,
103-16.
55. See the Thessalonican assaria class I and II of
John V, period 1341-7, on which John V ap-
pears with his father and mother respectively
(DOCV, 1191 and 1192).
81
mens there is a total of four stars, two on the
obverse, one above each tower, and two on
the reverse, between the two standing em-
perors.
Finally, it is worth adding that the ab-
sence of the customary A and B from the
trachion is not itself a strong argument for
precluding this particular coin type from be-
longing to a regular issue of John V and Anna.
On the contrary, the presence in the same
stratum of the Dioikitirion Square excavation
of Thessalonican coins of Andronikos III, Anna
and John V5(> makes a strong case for chro-
nology and mint-attribution of the unknown
trachion.
In conclusion, all iconographic and stylis-
tic analyses of the copper trachion from the
Dioikitirion Square excavation as well as of
the other eleven specimens preserved in pub-
lic and private collections in Greece, Britain,
Bulgaria and Austria, suggest that they were
struck by the Thessalonican mint during the
joint rule of Anna of Savoy and John V (1351-
1352). The considerable amount of die du-
plication among these coins indicates a rather
small issue57, more as propaganda policy than
to meet the demand for cash. The depiction
on the obverse of the trachia of St. Demetrios
orans on the Thessalonican walls was meant
to remind citizens that their patron saint was
always ready to defend them against invad-
ers eager to subdue Thessaloniki — in this
case Serbian troops under the leadership of
Tsar Stefan Dusan. The reverse of the trachia,
on the other hand, plainly indicated the rul-
ing imperial authority in Thessaloniki, in this
case John V and Anna of Savoy. Despite the
small size of the issue, the provenance of
some of these trachia from the regions of
Serres, Pella and further north, Bulgaria, also
reflects the movement of money from
Thessaloniki northwards, and demonstrates
commercial relations between Thessaloniki
eg
and its hinterland
56. Thessalonican trachea of Andronikos III: MBCC,
B(yzantina)N(omismata) 2211/71, 2211/74,
2211/107. Thessalonican stamenon of John V
and Anna: MBCC BN 221/64 (overstruck).
Thessalonican anonymous assaria of John V:
MBCC BN 2211/49, 2211/54. A full catalogue
of the coin finds from the Dioikitirion Square
is expected after the cleaning of coins.
82
57. Bendall 1996, note 7.
58. Thessalonican copper coins of Anna
Palaiologina have been found not only in the
neighbourhood of Thessaloniki, namely in
Serres and Pella (see Protonotarios 1989, 72),
but also further to the north, in the area of
present day Bulgaria. Two of the specimens in
S. Bendall's collection have Bulgarian prov-
enance, one belonging to a hoard of late Byz-
antine Thessalonican issues [S. Bendall,
"Thessalonican coinage in the mid thirteenth
century in the light of a new hoard", NC 18
(1978), 105-15] and the second coming from a
mixed group of Byzantine copper coins sold
by a Bulgarian in Munich (see Bendall 1996).
KEY TO PLATE 1
PI. 1, fig. 1 View of the Dioikitirion Square archaeological site Courtesy of I. Kanonides
PI. 1, fig. 2 Codex Gr. Th. F. 1, Bodleian Library Bodleian Library, University of Oxford
KEY TO PLATE 2
No. Source Brief description Reference
Pi. 2 1 RIC No DpbaseH trachv nnmismfi of Ale^ios I (1081-1118), Mint of Thessaloniki, var. II (1087-92) doc IV Sb
Pi. 2, 2 RTC No S783 F1 f^ftnlm Ir^rnv c\\ )\/\'Anilf*\ T ( 1 1 4 ^ -LilLLll Ulll LlGV_lly Ul 1'lullUL 1 1 \_ ' 1 l ^/ 1180), Mint of Thessaloniki, type C doc iv q j-.y \. .sk s i v j y
PI. 2, 3 BIC, No. 6120 Tetarteron of Theodore Komnenos-L>ouKas ^ I zz/-1 zjU^j, Mint ot Thessaloniki, var. B DOC IV, 12
PI. 2, 4 BIC, No. 6133 Billon trachy of John III Doukas f 1 ?4(^ 17^4 at TJ-iR<;c:;ilortil<-n Mini r»f ^1Z4U li^4 al 1 llCSSalOlllAiy, Ivlllll Dl Thessaloniki, type G DOC IV, 9
Dl O Si rl. 4, 5 DlU, InO. OljD Billon trachy of Theodore II Doukas-Laskaris (1254-1258), Mint of Thessaloniki ik k, IV, 1
Pi ? DIvj, INvJ. UlOl PR Li aCily Dl IVllCilatrl V 111 (1258/9-1282) Mint of Thessaloniki, class V doc V 1 47 ^0-l y\ y\^ V , 1 *± / - j\J, PCPC, 66
Pi ? 7 i ^ir~ii"~vfii~ tropni/ r~\r A nrlrnni Ltic II r r flVlly r\l lOl Oi llrvCJ J 11 (1282-1328), Mint of Thessaloniki, class III nOC V PCPC 212 .1
PI. 2, 8 BIC, No. 6211 Copper trachy of Andronikos II, Mint of Thessaloniki, class XXXVIII DOC V, 825-32; PCPC 250
PI. 2, 9 BIC, No. 6537 add Copper stamenon of Andronikos III (1328-1341), Mint of Constantinople, class I DOCV, 887-9; PCPC 201
Pi. 2, 10 MBCC Copper trachion of John V (1341-1979), Mint of Thessaloniki, ca. 1351-1352 DOC V, - ; PCPC -
Pi. 2, 11 PC Copper trachion of John V, Mint of Thessaloniki DOC V, - ; PCPC -
PI. 2, 12 BIC, No. 6466 Half-stavraton of Manuel II (1391-1425) DOCV, 1311-5; PCPC (333)
PI. 2, 13 BIC, No. 6456 Copper tornese of Manuel II, class IV DOCV, 1601; PCPC (333)
83
TIivaKaq I
Plate I
Fig. 2
84
Abbreviations used in the list of illustrations
BIC The Coin Collection, Barber Institute of Fine Arts, University of Birming-
ham, UK
DOC IV, V Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and
in the Whittemore Collection, IV by M. F. Hendy, V by P. Grierson (see
Bibliography)
MBCC The Coin Collection, Museum of Byzantine Culture, Thessaloniki
PC The Protonotarios Coin Collection, Athens
PCPC S. Bendall, A Private Collection of Palaeologan Coins (see Bibliography)
Abbreviations - Select Bibliography
AEM© ApxaioAoyiKO Epyo arn MaKeSovia nai 0pdKn, Thessaloniki.
AJN American Journal of Numismatics, Boston
Benaki D. Fotopoulos and A. Delivorias, Greece at the Benaki Museum (Benaki
Museum Museum), Athens 1997
ByzBulg Byzantinobulgarica, Sofia
BSA Annual of the British School at Athens, Athens
ByzSlav ByzantinoSlavica, Prague
BSt Balkan Studies, Thessaloniki
AXAE AeXxiov Xpioxiavinrig ApxaioAoyiKng Exaipeiac, Athens
DOC III, 1,2 P. Grierson, Catalogue of Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collec-
tion and in the Whittemore Collection, vol. Ill, part 1 (717-867), part 2
(868-1081), Washington, D.C. 1973
DOC IV M. F. Hendy, Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks
Collection and in the Whittemore Collection, vol. IV, parts. 1 and 2
(Alexios I to Michael VIII, 1081-1261), Washington, D.C. 1999
DOC V P. Grierson, Catalogue of Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collec-
tion and in the Whittemore Collection, vol. V (Michael VIII to Constantine
XI [1258-1453D, parts 1 and 2, Washington, D.C. 1999
Dotchev 1983 K. Dotchev, "Monnaies inedites des Paleologues (1258-1453)",
Numizmatika 17/3, 1983, 12-8
Dotchev 1992 K. Dotchev, Moneti i parichno obrshenie v Trnovo XII-XIV v, Trnovo
1992
EEMT. Enexnpic Tng Exaipeiac MaKeSovixcov ZnouSav, Thessaloniki
EME Exaipeia MaKc5oviKU>v UnouScov, Thessaloniki
Hendy 1969 M. Hendy, Coinage and Money in the Byzantine Empire, 1081-1261
(Dumbarton Oaks Studies, vol. XII), Washington, D.C. 1969
Longuet 1957 H. Longuet, "Die unedierten byzantinischen Munzen des Wiener
Kabinets", NZ 77, 1957, 28-57
LPC S. Bendall and P. J. Donald, The Later Palaeologan Coinage, 1282-1453,
London 1979
Macrides 1990 R. J. Macrides, "Subversion and Loyalty in the Cult of St. Demetrios",
ByzSlav 51 (1990), 189-97
MBCC The Coin Collection, Museum of Byzantine Culture, Thessaloniki
86
JVC Numismatic Chronicle, London
Ncirc Numismatic Circular, London
Nesbitt and J. Nesbitt and N. Oikonomides, Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbar-
Oikonomides ton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, vol. 1 (Italy, North of Balkans,
1, 2, 3 North of the Black Sea), Washington, D.C. 1991; vol. 2 (South of Balkans,
the Islands, South of Asia Minor), Washington, D.C. 1994; vol. 3 (West,
Northwest, and Central Asia Minor and the Orient), Washington, D.C.
1996
Nicol and D. Nicol and S. Bendall, "Anna of Savoy in Thessalonica: the numismatic
Bendall 1977 evidence", W5 19 (1977), 87-102
NomKhron NopiopaxiKa Xpovma/Nomismatika Khronika, Athens
Numizmatika Numizmatika, Sofia
NZ Numismatische Zeitscrift, Vienna
ODB I, II, III The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, vol. I-1I1 (Oxford University Press),
New York-Oxford 1991
PCPC S. Bendall, A Private Collection of Palaeologan Coins, Wolverhampton 1988
Plitz 1977 E. Plitz, Kammelaukion et mitra. Insignes byzantins imperiaux et
Ecclesiastiques (Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis Figura, Nova Series 15),
Stockholm 1977
Protonotarios P. Protonotarios, "John V and Anna of Savoy in Thessaloniki (1351-1365),
1989 the Serres Hoard", NomKhron 8, 1989, 69-84, in Greek with an English
summary (= P. Protonotarios, "John V and Anna of Savoy in Thessalonica
[1351-1356]: the Serres Hoard", AJN2 2, 1990, 119-28)
RN Revue Numismatique, Paris
Robert of Clari Robert of Clari, The Conquest of Constantinople, translated with introduc-
tion and notes by D. H. McNeal (University of Toronto Press), Toronto,
Buffalo, London, 19992
Schlumberger G. Schlumberger, Melanges d'archeologie Byzantine, Paris 1895
1895
Sear D. R. Sear, Byzantine Coins and their Values, London 1974, (reprint.
1987)
Seyrig J.-C. Cheynet, C. Morrisson et W. Seibt, Sceaux byzantins de la collection
Henri Seyrig (Bibliotheque Nationale), Paris 1991
Skedros 1999 J- C. Skedros, 5f. Demetrios of Thessaloniki. Civic Patron and Divine
Protector, 4 -/ Centuries CE (Harvard Theological Studies), Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania 1999
SM Scheizer Miinzbldtter, Lausanne
Zuppemxa EuppeiKXa, Athens
Treasures of Treasures of Mount Athos. Catalogue of the exhibition (Holy Community
Mount Athos Of Mount Athos, Ministry of Culture, Museum of Byzantine Culture,
Organisation for the Cultural Capital of Europe Thessaloniki 1997)
87
'Eva IlaActioAoyio Tpaxiov*
and iqv avaoKcecpq tij<; nAax£ia<; AioiKqxqpiou
E. z. reapYavTeXn
I. Ta apxaioXoyiKd SeSojisva
Oi ocooTiKeg avaoKaipeg ornv nAaTeia
AioiKnTnpiou to 1990, anoKdAucpav auyKpo-
TnpaTa KTipuov Siaipopcov enoxcov Ka9cog Kai
eva EKTETapevo vEKporaqjeio uaTepng Buc/i-
vuvrig enoxrig. 'Ektote oi avaoKaipeg Sievep-
youvTai ano koivou ano Tig Eipopeieg KAa-
oikcov Kai BugWuvcov ApxaioTnTcov Tng ©ea-
oaAoviKng. H Geon avayvcopio9nKe cog i8id-
Cpuoag onpaoiag Ka9cog anoTeAei eva ond-
vio Kai dpioTo 8eiypa Siaipopcov ipdaecov Tng
KaToiKnoecog Tng noAecog KaTd Tn pcopa'iKn
Kai Buc/nmvri nepioSo.
Oi npcoipeg BugWTiveg KaTaoKeueg ano-
TeAouvTai ano 6idipopa unoAeippaTa KTipi-
cov xpovoAoyoupevcov otov 4 ,5 Kai 6 p.X.
aicova, peTd tov onolo n 9eon eyKaTaAeicp9n-
ke Kai xpnoipeue cog anoBeTng anoppippd-
„ . „ou
tcov. Zug apxeg tou 9 aicova n nepioxn
EjavaKaToiKnGnKe, oncog Seixvouv Ta apxaio-
AoyiKd Kai vopiopaTiKd oToixeia. To nAeov
evoiacpepov ano auTd eivai to eKTeTapevo e-
vrog tcov TEixcov VEKpoTacpeio nou xpnoipo-
noiriGnKe KaTd tcov 12 ,13 Kai 14 aicova.
* H xpdon Tng Aegecog Tpaxiov avTi Tng ouvn-
6oug Tpaxu aKoAouBei to BiBAio tou NikoA6-
ou PaBSd (1341), onou avatpepETai oti to Tpa-
Xiov nTav to 1/411 tou unepnupou. Suptpcova
pe Tnv C. Morrisson, "Les noms de monnaies
sous les Paleologues", W. Seibt (ed.) Geschichte
und Kultur der Palaiologenzeit, Vienna 1996,
151-62, auTn n apiKpuvTiKii n unoKopioTiKii
EKippaon tocog 5nAcbvei Tnv Aa'iKii nioTn tou
14°U at. oti n ag)a tou TpaxEcog nTav n peTaA-
AiKii tou oe avTlGeon pt auTriv tcov TpaxEcov
tou 11 at. nou n ovopaoTiKn Toug nTav peya-
AuTepa Tng peTaAAiKng. Tia Tig unoonpeicooEig
BAene ayyAiKO Keipevo.
//. Ta vojiiajiaTiKd evpiffiara
Ano to 1990 nepi Tig 2000 voplopaTa riA-
9av oto ipcog Kai napepevav aKaTaAoyioTa
pexpi to 1996. H ouyypacpeag tou napovTog,
to 1994/95, oe ouvTopeg enioKecpeig oto
Mouoeio Buc^avTivng Texvng Tng ©eooaAovt-
Kng, eixe Tn SuvaTOTnTa va e^eTdoei pepiKd
ano auTd Kai va oxnpaTioei pla i5ea tcov a-
veupeGevTcov Tuncov Kai Tn xpovoAoyiKn ne-
pioSo nou auTd KdAunTav. Tov OKTcbBpio tou
1996 o Opyaviopog Tng TJoXmoTiKng ripco-
Teuouoag Tng Eupconng, ©eoaaXoviKn 1997
XpnpaToSoTnoe eva Bpaxuxpovio npoypap-
pa to onoio nepiAdpBave Kai Tnv TauTion
pepiKcov ano Ta avaoKaipevTa vopiopaTa. E-
JjeTdoGnKe eva Seiypa ano auTd ano to o-
noio pnopouv va ouvaxGouv Ta eg4ig npoKa-
TapKTiKa nopiopaTa.
Ta vopiopaTa KaAumouv ewea aicoveg Tng
KUKAocpoplag oTn OeooaAoviKn. AipSoveg ct-
,, , ,ou ^ou ^ou
vai 01 xaAKiveg Koneg tou 4 , 5 Kai o
aicbva. Oi tou 9 aiciva eivai AiyoTepeg, aA-
Ad Kai eToi anoTeAouv papTupia tcov KaBn-
pepivcov ouvaAAaycbv Tng noAecog KaTd Tn pe-
ooBuc^avTiKri nepioSo.
Avdpeoa oTa uoTepcoTepa vopiopaTa unnp-
Xe Kai to xqAkivo Tpaxiov nou 9a pag ana-
oxoAnoei e6co (EtK. 10). H nAeupd Tnv onoi-
a 9ecopoupe Kupia, aneiKovlc^ei op9ia av8pi-
Kri popcpn pe ipcoTooTeipavo cpepouoa xAapu-
6a, pe Ta x^P10 oe avaTaon npooeuxng Kai
Tnv KeipaAn oTpappevn eAacppcbg npog Ta 5e-
^id. KdTco Se^id undpxei op9oycoviog nup-
yog Kai avdAoyog npenei va unripxe OTa api-
oTepd, aAAd auTo to onpeio tou vopiopaTog
eivai onaopevo. ndvco ano Kd9e nupyo u-
ndpxei evag aoTepag. A^ioonpeicoTo eivai ncog
o xapdKTng ippovuoe va 5ei^ei to KTioipo
88
tou nupyou, nou anoxeAeixai and aeipeg xou-
BAcov. £xnv nioco oqm aneiKoviCpvxai 8uo 6p-
9ieg popipeg, avSpiKti Kai yuvaiKeia, Kara pe-
tunov pe oxeppaxa Kai OKrinxpa pe 8uo a-
axepeg avdpeod xoug. H xapa^n eivai Kaxco-
xepa auxrig xng Kupiag oqjetog, avxiKaxonxpi-
£ovxag pigri xexvoxpomcbv oto ioio vopiopa.
Auxog o vopiopaxiKog xunog 8ev aveupi-
OKETai oe yvtooxd Snpooieupeva epya Kai po-
Aig npooipaxa evxonioxnKe eva Seuxepo oxn
ouAAoyri tou n. npcoxovoxapiou (Eik. 11),
Ka9tog Kai dAAa 8eKa nou slye ouyKevxpcboei
o Simon Bendall oe pia Snpooieuari tou oto
Numismatic Circular.
O H. Longuet nou npcoxog Snpooieuoe xpia
ano auxd Ta aiviypaxuxd vopiopaxa, une9eoe
nog n popipii Tng Kuplag oipecog eivai n nava-
yia n BAaxepvixiooa oto xeixn Tng Ktovoxa-
vxivounoAecog. MepiKd xpdvia apyoxepa eva
napopoio vopiopa Bpe9nKe avdpeoa oto ne-
pioooxepa ano 6.000 nou aneStoae n avaoKa-
tpn oto Trnovo Tng BouAyapiag. Tooo oTnv
npoKaTapTiKir tou avaipopd 600 Kai oxnv ku-
picog 8npooieuon tuv vopiopdxcov Tng avaoKa-
(prig, o K. Dotchev aveipepe ncog OTnv Kupia
otpn aneiKovigexai o Xpioxog Kai OTnv nioco o
Icodwng E' pe xnv Awa Tng EaBoiag. 'Etoi, o
epeuvnxrig auxog ane6cooe to vopiopa oto vo-
piopaTOKoneio Tng KcovoxavxivounoAecog Kai
orn BaoiAe'ia tou Icodvvn E' tou naAaioAo-
you Kai eiSiKOTepa oTn nepiooo 1351-54. nd-
vxcog n nAeov npooipaxn avaipopd auxou tou
vopiopaTiKou xunou BpioKexai OTnv npoava-
ipep9eioa onpooieuon tou Bendall onou ou-
yKevxpcoGnKav 6Aa Ta yvtooxd KoppdTia, nepi-
AapBavopevcov Kai eg\ Tng npooconiKng ouA-
Aoyrig tou. O Bendall xauxioe Tn popipri Tng
Kupiag oipecog pe Tnv navayia evco yia Tig pop-
ipeg Tng nioco oipecog, Tig onoieg ei8e cog av-
SpiKeg, npoxeivei Toug ouvauxoKpdxopeg Ico-
dwn E' Kai Zx' n Iwawn St' Kai Max9aio.
Aoyco xou 6x1 xexoia vopiopaTa 8ev exouv Bpe-
9ei oxn ouyxpovn ToupKia, o Bendall ane-
KAeioe to vopiopaTOKoneio Tng Kcovoxavxivou-
noAecog Kai avapcoxriGnKe av npoKeixai yia ko-
neg Tng ASpiavounoAecog n tou AiSuporelxou.
NofitofiaTiKe<; aneiKovioeiq Xpiarov
Kai Tlavayiaf;
AneiKovloeig tou Xpioxou eivai ouxveg
oto naAaioAoyia vopiopaTa nou ouvexic^ouv
Tnv napdooon nou Ka9iepco9nKe tov 10 aico-
va Kai oTa onoia o Xpioxog napioxaxai pe
XiTova, yevia Kai paKpid paAAid, KaGnpevog
n opGiog. Znavicog oe vopiopaxa uaTepcoTepa
o XpioTog aneiKovi^erai tog o veapog Eppa-
vounA Kai ndvTore oe npoTopn. O 6p9iog
XpioTog ouvavTdxai n povog n pe eva n 8uo
auTOKpdxopeg Kai auTri n aneiKovion tou ei-
vai ouxvoTepa oe vopiopaTa tcov npcoTcov Ila-
AaioAoycov ano 6ti tov 8ia66x<ov Toug. &nv
npcoTn nepioSo (pexpi nepinou to 1340) o
lOTdpevog XpioTog ouvavTdTai oe unepnupa,
BaoiAiKd Kai Tpaxea. Srnv uoxepcoTepa nepi-
060 o 6p9iog XpioTog epipavic^eTai oe pepiKd
ondvia BaoiAiKd Kai oe oTdpeva Tng Geooa-
AoviKng Tou Iodvvn E', KaGwg Kai oe piKpd
XdAKiva ipoAAapa tou MavounA B' Kai Itodv-
vn Z'. Se 6Aa ndvTtog o XpioTog 6ev epipavi-
c^erai npooeuxopevog, oncog oto Tpaxiov Tng
avaoKaipng tou AioiKnmpiou. Emnpoo9eTcog
o iptoTooxeipavog tou XpioTou, pe e^aipeon
Ta oTdpeva Tng ©eooaAoviKng tou Icodwn E'
(KAdon I), ipepei oraupo — oToixeio nou Aei-
nei ano to uno out^nTnon Tpaxio.
ElapaoTdoeig z\ dAAou Tng Etavayiag ei-
vai Aiyorepo ouvveg ano auTeg xou XpioTou
oTa vopiopaxa xtov naAaioAoycov. H riap9e-
vog napioxdvexai op9ia n Ka9npevn n pe xov
AuxoKpdxopa n pe xov Ayio Anprixpio. ria-
paoxdoeig xng npoxopng xng navayiag, Kax'
evomov Kai npooeuxopevng peoa oxa xeixn
xng KcovoxavxivounoAetog aveupioKovxai oxa
pnxponoAixiKd unepnupa xou MixanA H'
(KAdon II), oxa unepnupa xng Kcovoxavxivou-
noAetog Kai xng ©eooaAoviKng (;) Kai oxa
XdAKiva xpaxea xou AvSpoviKou B' (KAdon
V), oxa unepnupa xou AvSpoviKou B' pe xov
MixanA 0' (1294-1320), oxa unepnupa xng
KcovoxavxivounoAecog Kai xng ©eooaAoviKng
xou AvopoviKou B' (1382-1328) Kai xou Av-
5poviKou r' (1328-1341). 2e 6Aa auxd xa vopi-
opaxa n navayia anoSiSexai SiaipopexiKd a-
89
no on oto vopiopa xng nXaxeiag AioiKnxn-
piou. Og npog xnv napdaxaon xwv xeix«v,
poidgei va undpxouv 8uo onxiKeg yovieg: OTa
vopiopaxa pe xnv riavayia npooeuxopevn e-
vxog xov T£ix«v, n aKponoXn eiKOvigexai pe
aipaipexiKO xpono and tpnXd, evo 01 nupyoi
oto uno au^rixnon vopiopa eiKovtg'ovxai e-
vxeXcog ipuoiKd.
AneiKovioeig xng riavayiag npooeuxope-
vnc XupiS apxiTEKfoviKa oxoixeia undpxouv
ota xdAKiva xpaxea xng KwvoxavxivounoXe-
cog Kai Trig ©eooaXoviKng tou MixariX H',
OTa xaXiidpyupa xopve^ia Trig npwxng Baoi-
Xelag tou AvfipovtKou B', ota apyupd Baai-
XiKd tou AvSpoviKou B' pe tov MixariX ©',
tou AvSpoviKou B' pe tov AvSpoviKO T' Kai
OTa xdXKiva Tpaxea tou Icodwou E' Kai tou
Iwdvvou Zx'. Ze 6Xa auTd n riavayia ipepei
to paipopiov, to Kat' e^joxriv yuvaiKeio ev-
8upa, ev&> oto uno ougYixnon, xa kovto oyou-
pd paXXid §eKd9apa 8nXcovouv evav dvSpa
Kai To unoxi0epevo paipopiov 6ev eivai napd
pia x^apug-
Eni xn Bdoei tov napandvu, 01 xauxioeig
tou Longuet, tou Dotchev Kai tou Bendall
npenei va napapepioBouv Kai va avagYixnBei
pia neioTiKOTepa. H veaviKfi popipri pe Ta ko-
vto oyoupd paXXid, Tnv x^apu8a Kai to ipco-
xooxeipavo npenei va napioTdvei evav Ayio
Kai oxi evav AuxoKpdTopa, iSiog oxav to
ipopepd tou 8nX6vei eva a^iwpaxouxo Kai 6-
Xi evav AuxoKpdTopa.
Ano Toug oxpaxioxiKoug Kai XaiKOug A-
yioug nou ouvavtdpe OTa naXaioXoyia vopi-
opaTa nio ouxvd epipaviCpvxai o Ayiog An-
prixpiog Kai o Ayiog Teupyiog. EneiSri opwg
o Seuxepog napioTdveTai pe oxpaxicoxiKri oxo-
Xti, 0a npenei va oxpaipoupe npog Tnv Ka-
TeuGuvon tou npoxou.
IV. O 'Ayio<; Atifiqrpio*;
H XaTpeia tou Ayiou Anpnxpiou rixav i-
5iaixepog evxovn oTn ©eooaXoviKn. EneiSri
n £wri Kai to papxupio tou Aoav ouvSeoepe-
va oTevd pe auTfi tnv noXn, oi noXixeg tng
ano tov 4° n5n p.X. aiwva nloTeuav oxi o
npooxdTng Ayiog Toug 8ev eyKaxaXeinei no-
te Tnv noXn Kai Toug oupnoXixeg tou, npo-
axaxeuovxdg Toug ndvtoTe ano Xoipoug, Xi-
poug Kai noXepoug. Eni0exa nou tou ano8i-
Sovxai otig Bucjavxiveg nnyeg eivai ipiXono-
Xig, npOTeixiopa, unepaomoxrig Tng noXeog,
tpiXonaxpng, oco^onoXixng, npooxdTng tou 8a-
oiXeiou Kai viKonoiog. H ifiea oti o Ayiog
Anprixpiog noxe 8ev 0a emxpeipxi Tnv Btaia
KaTdXnipn Tng noXeug tou eKxi0exat otn ou-
vxopn eg\oxopnon xou Gavdxou xou xodpou
Ioavvixon (Iodvvn A') ano xov Robert de
Clari, nou anofiiSexai oxn 0aupaxoupyn na-
pepBaon xou Ayiou Kaxd xn 8idpKeia xng
BouXyapiKng eniOeoecog. H eiKova xou Ayi-
ou, oncog npoBdXXei ano auxeg xig nepiypa-
ipeg, eivai evog veapou dvSpa, evSeSupevou
ouxvd pe x^apuSa, ei8iKd Kaxd xnv nepioSo
xng eiKovopaxiag, aXXd eniong, apyoxepa, e-
vog oxpaxiwxn.
Sxa npuipa puoa'iKd Kai eiKoveg, o A-
yiog Anprixpiog aneiKOvt^exai pe x^apuSa va
Kpaxd oxaupo n va npooeuxexai pnpooxd a-
no xo pvnpeio xou oxn BaoiXiKn xou n pe
8«pnxeg npo tuv xeix«v xng OeooaXoviKng.
Kaxd toug peooug Kai uoxepoug Bu^avxivoug
Xpovoug o Ayiog Anpiixpiog ondvia napi-
oxaxai pe noXixiKn evSupaoia.
Ze oippayiSeg o Ayiog Anprixpiog epipa-
vi^exai oxexiKd evcopig, Ka0wg oi npuipoxe-
peg xpovoXoyouvxai otov 8 aiawa. H eupeia
yeoypaipiKri Siaonopd xcov oippayiScov pe xov
Ayio Anprixpio 8elxvei nog n napdoxaori xou
8ev nepiopi^oxav oe auxoKpaxopiKoug a^iw-
paxouxoug Kai KXnpiKoug. Ze auxeg o Ayiog
aneiKOvig'exai oe npoxopri ri oXooupog, 6p-
0iog Kai Kaxd pexwnov, ouvri0«g pe oxpa-
xioxiKri nepiBoXri Kai Kpaxovxag 86pu Kai
aoniSa, Kai oe eXdxioxeg nepinxooeig pe x^a_
puSa Kai 86pu. Ze oippayiSeg KXnpiKuv ou-
vri0og o Ayiog aneiKOvig'exai va Kpaxd xov
oxaupo xou pdpxupa. Zxn oippayiSa xou apxie-
moKonou Iwdwn xng ©eooaXoviKng nou XP°_
voXoyeixai oxo 10 aiwva napioxaxai SinXa
oxnv riavayia, pe x^apuSa Kai oxaupo.
H npwin vopiopaxiKri EKfioan xng ©eo-
90
oaAoviKng pe napdoTaon tou Ayiou Anpri-
rpiou SinAa oxov auTOKpdxopa, anoTeAeixai
ano unoTipnpeva Tpaxea npo Tng petappuQ-
pioecog (EtK. 1) Kai xaAKdpyupa piAiaprioia
tou AAeglou A' (1081-1118). Mexpi to 1204
9a epipavioTei oe TeTapTnpd Tng ©eooaAovi-
Kng, Tunou B, tou Iudwn B'(1118-1143) Kai
Tpaxea ano riAeKTpo, Tunou C (EtK. 2) tou
MavouriA A' (1143-1180). Anopiprioeig tmv
t£TapTnpti)v tou Iwdwou B' eko(jj£ o Nop-
pavSog BaoiAeug Poyripog B' (1148-1149) Tng
SiKeAiag, oe xdAKiva ipoAAapa pe Tnv npoTo-
pri tou Ayiou AnpnTpiou wg oTpautoTiKou
oTnv Kupia 6(jm Toug. AuTri n Konri pvnpoveu-
ei Tig viKeg tou PoYripou B' eni xu>v Bu^avTt-
vuv, to 1147-1148. pe emypaipri n onoia a-
KoAou9el to BugWuvo npoTuno ev<i OTnv ni-
0o oipn xpnoiponoiouvTai KoutpiKd apaBi-
k6.
flapaoTdoeig tou Ayiou AnpnTpiou yivo-
vtoi ouxvoTepeg to 13 aiwva. Tig ouvavxd-
pe oe xa^KaPYuPa Tpaxea tou Iwdvvn V
(1221-1254), oxa ano riAeKTpo, oTa xaAKdp-
yupa Tpaxea Kai TeTapTnpd (ElK. 3) tou @e-
oSupou Kopvnvou-AouKa (1227-1230), axa
Tpaxea tou MavouriA Kopvnvou- Aouko
(1230-1237) Kai tou Iudwn Kopvnvou-AouKa
(1237-1244) Tng ©eooaAoviKng KaGwg oTa
ano riAeKTpo (EtK. 4) Kai OTa xaAKdpyupa
Tpaxea tou Iodwn P Aouko BaTdTgYi (1246-
1254) Kai oTa Tpaxea tou ©eoSopou B' Aou-
Ka-AdoKapn (1254-1258) Tng NiKaiag. Av Kai
SiaTnpouv eiKovoYpaipiKd xapaKTnpiouKd
Tng nponyoupevng nepi68ou, pepiKeg ano Tig
napaoTdoeig tou Ayiou AnpnTpiou ri xcov ouv-
8uaopuv Kupiag Kai omoGiag oi^eug eivai
Kaivoupyia, CKippdgVvTag elxe Tn SuvaoTiKri
noAiTiKn ri Tig ouyxpoveg KaAAiTexviKeg
xdoeig. O Ayiog, ayeveiog Kai pe KOVTd Ka-
Toapd paAAid, ouvriGcog aneiKOvi^eTai pe na-
vonAia Kai pe £iipog ri 56pu ri aoni5a. Yndp-
Xei opcog pia oeipd Tpaxecov ano riAeKTpo nou
KonnKav ano tov 0e68copo Kopvnvo-AouKa
Tng ©eooaAoviKng (DOC IV, Tunog B) OToug
omoBoTunoug tojv onoiwv o Ayiog AnpnTpiog
aneiKovigVrai pe tov npooipaTa avaKnpuxGe-
vTa AuTOKpdTopa va KpaTouv Tnv avaKaTa-
AnipGeioa ©eooaAov'iKn. H i5ia napdoTaon
aveupioKeTai otov omoGoTuno piag oeipdg
XaAKdpyupov Tpaxeov (DOC IV, Tunog G),
nou KonnKav ano tov SidSoxo tou, Mavou-
riA Kopvnvo- Aouko. O Ayiog AnpnTpiog a-
neiKovigVrai ouvriGwg pe aTpauouKri nepi-
BoAri, aAAd oe pepiKd vopiopaTa tou 8euTe-
pou ipepei xAapu8a.
H napdoTaon tou Ayiou AnpnTpiou eivai
ouxvri enlong Kai OTa naAaioAoyeia vopi-
opaxa Kai ouvavTaTai oTig nepioooTepeg a-
gleg. riapdSeiypa tou Tponou npoBoArig Tng
auTOKpaTopiKrig noAiTiKrig peou tov vopt-
opdTuv pag 8i8ei pia oeipd xoAkuv Tpaxewv
Tng ©eooaAoviKng Tou MixariA H' (1258/9-
1282) otov omoGoTuno tojv onoiov o Ayiog
Kai o AuTOKpdTwp KpaTouv eva ippoupio pe
8uo nupyoug (EtK. 6), SISovTag to privupa
Tng npooTaoiag Tng ©eooaAoviKng ano Tig
oupdvieg Kai eniyeieg Suvdpeig. To i8io pri-
vupa evundpxei Kai OTa Tpaxea Tng ©eooa-
AoviKng (IV KAdon) tou AvSpoviKOU B' (1282-
1328), onou o evOpovog Ayiog AnpriTpiog,
pe ^iipog Kai aon'iSa, ouvSud^eTai pe Tov me-
pwTo AuTOKpdTopa ndvu ano Ta Teixn Tng
noAecog.
Og npog Tig emSpdoeig dAAov KaAAiTe-
Xvikov avTiAriipewv, afjl^ei va onpeiwGel nog
n napdoTaon tou Ayiou Anprrcpiou nepiexei
Kdnoia vaToupaAioxiKd oToixeia Kai npoo-
miKri. EmnpooBerag, auTri Tn nepioSo undp-
Xei pia eupuTepa noiKiAia eiKovoypaipiKuv
OepdTov oTnv aneiKOVion tou Ayiou. flepa
ano Tnv aneiKoviori tou oAoowpou ri oe npo-
Topri pe oTpaTioTiKri nepiBoAri (EtK. 9), ou-
Xvd naploTaTai KaBripevog oe Bpovo xupis
epeiolvoTo pe fjiipog avdpeoa OTa yovaTd tou
(EtK. 7) ri pe xAapuSa Kai piKpo oxaupo (EtK.
8). 'Evag aKopa eiKOVoypaipiKOg vewTepiopog
avixveueTai oe Kdnoia Tpaxea Tng ©eooaAo-
viKng tou Av8p6viKou f (1328-1341), oto
ono'ia o AuTOKpdTcop aneiKOv'i^eTai yovaTi-
opevog npo xou evGpovou Ayiou AnpnTpiou.
EvSiaipepov eniong napouoidC^ouv Ta av«vu-
pa aoodpia Tng ©eooaAoviKng Tng BaoiAei-
91
ag tou Icodwn E' (1341-139D otov omoGo-
runo xcov onoicov aneiKovi^exai n Gavdxcoon
tou Ayiou, oncog Kai oxa npioea axaupdxa
(EtK. 12) Kai ta xaXKd xopvec^ia (KXdon I)
tou MavouriX B' (1391-1425) otq onola o
Ayiog aneiKovicJeTai eipinnog povog (ElK. 13)
ri pe tov AuTOKpaTopa.
A^ioonpeicoTo eivai eniang to yeyovog °"
Ti, napd Tig Kdnoieg aneiKovioeig tou Ayiou
AnpnTpiou oe vopiapaTa tou vopiopaTOKO-
neiou Tng KcovoTavTivounoXecog n nXeiovo-
xnxd xoug npoepxexai ano to vopiapaxo-
Koneio Tng ©eooaXoviKng, Seixvovxag ncog
auxn n noXn napepeve to Kevxpo Tng Xaxpei-
ag tou Kai ncog oi koxoikoi Tng tov avayvcb-
picjav cog nyexn Kai npooxdxn Toug.
V. ZvfinepdafiaTa
Me Bdon Ta npoeKxeGevxa, pnopei Kaveig
va npoxeivei oxi to vopiopa Tng nXaxeiag
tou AioiKnxnpiou aneiKovigei tov Ayio An-
prixpio Kai on KonnKe oTn QeooaXoviKn. 'E-
va eiKovoypaipiKO napdXXnXo Tng napaoxd-
oecog tou oniaGoxunou aveupiaKexai oe pia
piKpoypatpia tou KcbSiKa Gr. Th. Tng Bodleian
BiBXioGriKng, to onoio napiiyyeiXe o Anpri-
Tpiog naXaioXoyog-AyyeXog-AouKag, yuiog
tou AvSpoviKou B', oe Kdnoio epyaaxnpio
Tng ©eooaXoviKng KaTd Tn SidpKeia Tng eKei
Seanoxeiag tou (1322-1340). H piKpoypaipia
(Iltv. 1,2) eivai aipiepcopevn otov Ayio An-
prixpio Kai anoxeXeixai ano 6uo (Jcoveg. 2xnv
Kaxcoxepa aneiKovic/rvxai 8uo OKnveg ano xn
g\on xou Ayiou (n ouvdvxnon pe xov Auxo-
Kpdxopa Mafjipiavo Kai n enioKeipn xou Ne-
oxopog oxo ipuXaKiopevo Anpnxpio) evco n
avcoxepa c/ovn anoxeXei oupBoXiKn eiKOva xou
Ayiou. ESco aneiKovic^exai Kax' evcomov, i-
oxdpevog avdpeoa oe Suo nupyoug, pe ipco-
xooxecpavo, x^apuoa Kai oxaupo. Av efjaipe-
Oei n anoSoon Tng KeipaXng Kai xcov \Eipu>v,
n eiKova poidc^ei noXu pe auxn xou xpaxiou
xng nXaxeiag AioiKnxnpiou.
O xpovoXoyiKog ouoxexiopog xou uno ou-
c/ixnon vop'iopaxog pe xov napandvco KcoSi-
Ka evioxuexai ano xnv aneiKovion xtov auxo-
KpaxopiKcov popcpcov oxov onio66xuno. O
Longuet Kai o Dotchev Gecopouv xnv npog xa
Sefjid popcpri yuvaiKeia oe avxiGeon pe xov
Bendall nou xnv nepieypaipe cog yeveioipopo
dv5pa, xov Icodwn E' ri xov MaxGaio Kavxa-
Kouc/ivo-Aodv. riapd xnv KaKri Kaxdoxaon xcov
ococ^opevcov vopiopdxcov cpaivexai ncog Kai ot
Suo poptpeg ipepouv axeppaxa napopoia pe
auxo xng Awag xng ZaBoTag oxa xoXko vopi-
opaxa nou KonnKav oxn QeooaXoviKn ev o-
vopaxi xng Kai xou yiou xng Icodwn E' (1352-
1365) KaGcog Kai oxnv npooconoypacpia xng
oxov KcoStKa Hist.F.601 oxn Landesbibliothek
xng ZxouxydpSng. O xunog xou SiaSripaxog
pe xig xeooepig ri nepioooxepeg xpiytoviKeg
npoeKXdoeig nxav Koivog oxig aneiKovioeig
AuxoKpaxeipuv xng peong Kai uoxepag Buc^a-
vTivng enoxng. Oi AuTOKpdTopeg Tng uoxe-
pag nepioSou, nepiXapBavopevou Kai xou Ito-
dwn E', ouvriGcog aneiKovic^ovxai ipepovxag
xo KapnXauKiov. 0a pnopouoe Kaveig va u-
noGeoei ncog n napdoxaon avSpiKiig popipiig
pe yuvaiKeio oxeppa oipeiXexai oe XdGog xcov
XapaKXwv n oe ano pepoug xoug napavonon
xtov auxoKpaxopiKov epBXnpdxwv. Kai 01 Suo
eppnveieg poidc^ouv mGaveg, iSicog oxav koi-
xaxGouv uno xo iptog xng OKXaexoug SiaKO-
nng xtov epyaoiuv xou vopiopaxoKoneiou xng
©eooaXoviKng (1342-1350) Xoyco xng enava-
oxdoecog xcov ZnXcoxcov Kai xnv enaKoXouGn
SuoKoXia xcov xapQKTtov va evappovioGouv
pe Tig Tdoeig xou vopiopaxoKoneiou xng Kcov-
oxavxivounoXecog. Auxn n ano^evcoon avxa-
vaKXdxai oxn Siaipoponoinon xng xexvoxpo-
niag Kai xng GepaxoXoyiag xcov vopiopdxcov
nou KonnKav oxn QeooaXoviKn npo xou 1342
Kai pexd xo 1350.
A^ioonpeicoxo oxoixeio yia xnv anoSoon
xou unci ouc^rixnon xpaxiou oxo vopiopaxo-
Koneio xng ©eooaXoviKng anoxeXouv Kai 01
aoxepeg nou Koopouv xig Suo ocpeig xou Kai
nou aveupioKOVxai Kaxd xnv naXaioXoyia ne-
pioSo nepioooxepo oxa vopiopaxa xng ©eo-
oaXoviKng an' 6x1 oe auxd xng Kcovoxavxi-
vounoXecog. EiSiko evSiaqsepov anoKXouv 01
aoxepeg xcov vopiopdxcov xou Icodvvn E' Kai
92
Tng Awag Tng EaBoiag, nou ouvavTdpe Kai
ota aiviypauKd Tpayia tou Ayiou AnpnTpi-
ou. Zto owgopeva 8a>8eKa oxeTiKd vopiopa-
Ta unapxouv Suo ndvco ano Toug nupyoug
Kat 6uo avapeoa orig auTOKpaTopiKeg pop-
TeAiKcog npenei va avaipepGei n«g n a-
nouoia ano aura Ta Tpaxia t«v ouvriGuv
Ypappaxwv A Kai B 8ev anoTeAei Aoyo yia va
anoKAeiooupe ciutov tov vopiopaTiKO Tuno
ano Tig KavoviKeg Koneg tou Iwavvn E' Kai
Tig Awag Tng ZaBo'i'ag. AvTiGerag n napou-
oia oto '1810 oTpwpa Tng nAaTeiag AioiKnTn-
piou vopiopaT(ov Konrig ©eooaAoviKng tou
AvSpoviKou T', Tng Awag Kai tou Ididvvn E'
anoTeAei icxupo oToixeio Yla Tnv XPovo^°~
ynon Kai to vopiopaTOKoneio tou aiviypan-
kou Tpaxiou.
To oupnepaopa ano Tnv nponynGeioa ei-
KovoypaipiKri Kai TexvoTponiKri avdAuon tou
XoAkou Tpaxiou ano Tnv avaoKaipri Tng nAa-
Te'iag AioiKnTnpiou, oncog Kai tov evSeKa a-
Kopa vopiopc'iTuv ciutou tou Tunou nou ipu-
AaooovTai oe Snpooieg Kai iSioTiKeg ouAAo-
yeg oTnv EAAdSa, Tn BpeTavia, Tn BouAyapia
Kai Tnv Auotpia, unofieiKvuei ncog auTd npe-
nei va KonnKav oto vopiopaTOKoneio Tng
©eooaAoviKng Tnv enoxn Tng ouyKupiapxi-
ag Tng Awag Tng ZaBotag Kai tou Iodvvn E'
(1351-1352).
O onpavTiKog apiGpog vopiopdTwv npo-
epxopevwv ano Tig iSieg priTpeg nou aveupi-
oKCTai avapeoa oe auTd Ta ooSeKa vopiopa-
Ta 8ev pnopel napd va onpaivei nug npoKei-
Tai yici pia pdAAov piKpri eK5oon, n onoia pe
Tn oeipd Tng onpaivei nug npciKeiTai yia pia
nponayavSioTiKn Konri Kai oxi yia pia vopi-
opaTiKn napaycoyri npog avTipeuomon avd-
yKng oe xpnpa. H aneiKovion tou Ayiou An-
pnTpiou Seopevou oTa Teixn Tng noAeog npo-
opigY)Tav va 9upioei oToug noAiTeg nwg o
npooTdTng Ayiog Toug rnav ndvTOTe napwv
yia va Toug unepaonioei ano Tig apnaKTiKeg
oiaGeoeig tou KpdAn tuv ZepBuv, ZTeipavou
Aouodv. llapd to nepiopiopevo Tng eK56oe-
og, n npoeAeuon pepiKcov Tpaxiwv ano Tig
Zeppeg, Tnv IleAAa Kai Tn BouAyapia ovtiko-
TonTpi^ei Tnv SiaKivnon tou xpnpaTog ano
Tn ©eooaAoviKn npog Boppdv Kai Tig epno-
piKeg oxeoeig Tng noAeog pe Tnv ev8ox«pa
Tng.
Mexduppaon: A. II. T^apaXrig
93